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Cuba; the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Iceland for renewable 2.1
energy; Department of Resources, Energy & Tourism, Government of
Australia; University of Saskatchewan in Indo-Canadian Renewable
Energy Cooperation; the Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea of
Italy in Indo-Italian Renewable Energy Cooperation; the Secretariat
of Energy of the United Mexican States; the Department of Energy,
Republic of The Philippines; Ministry of Energy, Government of The
Kingdom of Thailand; the National Energy Commission, Republic
of Chile; the Government of Scotland in India–Scotland Renewable
Energy Cooperation; the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade of
the Kingdom of Spain; the Ministry of Power of the Islamic Republic
of Iran, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States
Department of Energy on Solar Energy Research and Development;the
Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications of Sweden
in India–Sweden Renewable Energy Cooperation; the Ministry of
Electricity and Energy of the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Uruguay
in India–Uruguay Renewable Energy Cooperation. In addition,
interaction with USA and Japan for cooperation in new and renewable
energy is being pursued under the India–US Energy Dialogue and
India–Japan Energy Dialogue, respectively. Interaction with EU for
cooperation in new and renewable energy is being pursued under the
India–EU Energy Panel. A multilateral cooperation framework called
the Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
(APPCDC) enables interaction for cooperation with USA, China, South
Korea, Japan, Canada, and Australia.
1.2.4 Government and Private RD&D Investment Trends in
China and India
Global Innovation and RD&D Investment Trends
The rate of innovation appears to be accelerating in many clean energy
technologies on the global scale. The number of clean energy patents
filed between 2000 and 2008 grew by 10 per cent annually. There was a
four-fold increase in renewable energy patents filed between 1999 and
2008, driven by technologies that were closest to being competitive—
wind power, solar PV (but not thermal), and biofuels.
Energy gets a small slice of the research pie. OECD countries’
spending on energy RD&D has been generally decreasing as a share
of total research budgets over the past 30 years, as governments have
preferred other areas of research, such as health, space programmes,
and general university research. Defence research receives the
maximum government support, and while it has also seen its share of
Chapter 1 Low Carbon Technology and Innovation Policy 47
energy; Department of Resources, Energy & Tourism, Government of
Australia; University of Saskatchewan in Indo-Canadian Renewable
Energy Cooperation; the Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea of
Italy in Indo-Italian Renewable Energy Cooperation; the Secretariat
of Energy of the United Mexican States; the Department of Energy,
Republic of The Philippines; Ministry of Energy, Government of The
Kingdom of Thailand; the National Energy Commission, Republic
of Chile; the Government of Scotland in India–Scotland Renewable
Energy Cooperation; the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade of
the Kingdom of Spain; the Ministry of Power of the Islamic Republic
of Iran, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States
Department of Energy on Solar Energy Research and Development;the
Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications of Sweden
in India–Sweden Renewable Energy Cooperation; the Ministry of
Electricity and Energy of the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Uruguay
in India–Uruguay Renewable Energy Cooperation. In addition,
interaction with USA and Japan for cooperation in new and renewable
energy is being pursued under the India–US Energy Dialogue and
India–Japan Energy Dialogue, respectively. Interaction with EU for
cooperation in new and renewable energy is being pursued under the
India–EU Energy Panel. A multilateral cooperation framework called
the Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
(APPCDC) enables interaction for cooperation with USA, China, South
Korea, Japan, Canada, and Australia.
1.2.4 Government and Private RD&D Investment Trends in
China and India
Global Innovation and RD&D Investment Trends
The rate of innovation appears to be accelerating in many clean energy
technologies on the global scale. The number of clean energy patents
filed between 2000 and 2008 grew by 10 per cent annually. There was a
four-fold increase in renewable energy patents filed between 1999 and
2008, driven by technologies that were closest to being competitive—
wind power, solar PV (but not thermal), and biofuels.
Energy gets a small slice of the research pie. OECD countries’
spending on energy RD&D has been generally decreasing as a share
of total research budgets over the past 30 years, as governments have
preferred other areas of research, such as health, space programmes,
and general university research. Defence research receives the
maximum government support, and while it has also seen its share of
Chapter 1 Low Carbon Technology and Innovation Policy 47
