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giving rise to the term ‘chain-linked’ model (Kline and Rosenberg 2.1
1986). This is illustrated in the lower part of Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3 represents the main modifications and additions to
this ‘chain-linked’ model of the innovation process. In this improved
model, there are multiple feedbacks among the different stages and
their interaction, combining elements of ‘supply push’ (forces affecting
the generation of new knowledge), and ‘demand pull’ (forces affecting
the demand for innovations). Indeed, the stages often overlap with
one another; the more interaction among the various stages, the more
efficient the innovation process is, offering more possibilities for
learning, and knowledge and technology spillovers.
Figure 1.3 Systematic Representation of the Innovation Chain
Source: Adapted from IIASA (2012)
Box 1.1: Definition of the Stages of Energy Technology
Innovation
The process of technological innovation is often described, for analytical and
prescriptive purposes, as a linear process composed of several stages or steps that
include research, development, demonstration, deployment and diffusion. Mapping
innovation in the real world is clearly more complex, as the process of innovation is
not a linear progression. Feedback occurs between the different stages of the process.
For example, demonstration projects can result in significant changes to the product.
Feedback from the market and from technology users during the commercialization
and diffusion phases can lead to additional RD&D, driving continuous innovation.
Chapter 1 Low Carbon Technology and Innovation Policy 35
1986). This is illustrated in the lower part of Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3 represents the main modifications and additions to
this ‘chain-linked’ model of the innovation process. In this improved
model, there are multiple feedbacks among the different stages and
their interaction, combining elements of ‘supply push’ (forces affecting
the generation of new knowledge), and ‘demand pull’ (forces affecting
the demand for innovations). Indeed, the stages often overlap with
one another; the more interaction among the various stages, the more
efficient the innovation process is, offering more possibilities for
learning, and knowledge and technology spillovers.
Figure 1.3 Systematic Representation of the Innovation Chain
Source: Adapted from IIASA (2012)
Box 1.1: Definition of the Stages of Energy Technology
Innovation
The process of technological innovation is often described, for analytical and
prescriptive purposes, as a linear process composed of several stages or steps that
include research, development, demonstration, deployment and diffusion. Mapping
innovation in the real world is clearly more complex, as the process of innovation is
not a linear progression. Feedback occurs between the different stages of the process.
For example, demonstration projects can result in significant changes to the product.
Feedback from the market and from technology users during the commercialization
and diffusion phases can lead to additional RD&D, driving continuous innovation.
Chapter 1 Low Carbon Technology and Innovation Policy 35
