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However, the applicability of PES mechanisms is limited only to the 3.2
areas where property rights over the forest resources are identified
clearly—unlike the case for many of India’s forest ecosystems (See Box
2.8 for example). The PES mechanism relating to issues of upstream–
downstream pollution in the forests, soil hill nutrient management,
biodiversity conservation, and others have been implemented across
the forests of India; however, many of these arrangements have not
remained viable in the long run due to weak institutional set-up and
policies (Singh 2008).
Box 2.8: Payments for ecosystem services in Himachal
Pradesh
The Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) in November 2013 came out with the
‘State Policy on Payments for Ecosystem Services’. The policy is targeted at protection
and management of natural resources for sustained production of ecosystem services;
and provision of economic incentives to the communities for conserving natural
ecosystems. The state government is committed to institutionalize ecosystems approach
and put in place PES mechanism in the state. The PES policy mentions the various
ecosystem services that will be eligible for the PES models; these include soil erosion
control, carbon sequestration, sediment load reduction, fire control, rehabilitation of
weed infested areas, organic and conservation agriculture, conservation horticulture,
and biodiversity conservation. The policy envisages to develop partnerships amongst
different departments, research and civil society organizations; and is envisioned to
build capacities at all levels in the process for effective ecosystems and natural resource
management (GoHP 2013).
2.3.9 Waste Management
Solid waste is often regarded as an indicator of the level of urbanization
achieved in any country. The generation of solid waste in the country
is increasing over the years due to changing lifestyles and increasing
consumerism resulting from rapid urbanization and economic growth.
These rising levels of waste generation without efficient collection,
processing, and disposal are posing an environmental threat, impacting
human health as well as the ecosystem.
According to a study, about 960 MT of solid waste is being generated
per year in India from industrial, mining, municipal, agricultural, and
other sources (Pappu et al. 2007). Of this, about 290 MT is inorganic
wastes from industrial and mining sectors, 62 MT is municipal wastes,
8.3 MT is hazardous wastes, and about 350 MT is organic wastes from
agricultural sources (TEDDY 2011/12). With rapid development in
India, the generation of solid wastes is expected to rise dramatically.
Chapter 2 Innovative Financing for Low Carbon Development 305
areas where property rights over the forest resources are identified
clearly—unlike the case for many of India’s forest ecosystems (See Box
2.8 for example). The PES mechanism relating to issues of upstream–
downstream pollution in the forests, soil hill nutrient management,
biodiversity conservation, and others have been implemented across
the forests of India; however, many of these arrangements have not
remained viable in the long run due to weak institutional set-up and
policies (Singh 2008).
Box 2.8: Payments for ecosystem services in Himachal
Pradesh
The Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) in November 2013 came out with the
‘State Policy on Payments for Ecosystem Services’. The policy is targeted at protection
and management of natural resources for sustained production of ecosystem services;
and provision of economic incentives to the communities for conserving natural
ecosystems. The state government is committed to institutionalize ecosystems approach
and put in place PES mechanism in the state. The PES policy mentions the various
ecosystem services that will be eligible for the PES models; these include soil erosion
control, carbon sequestration, sediment load reduction, fire control, rehabilitation of
weed infested areas, organic and conservation agriculture, conservation horticulture,
and biodiversity conservation. The policy envisages to develop partnerships amongst
different departments, research and civil society organizations; and is envisioned to
build capacities at all levels in the process for effective ecosystems and natural resource
management (GoHP 2013).
2.3.9 Waste Management
Solid waste is often regarded as an indicator of the level of urbanization
achieved in any country. The generation of solid waste in the country
is increasing over the years due to changing lifestyles and increasing
consumerism resulting from rapid urbanization and economic growth.
These rising levels of waste generation without efficient collection,
processing, and disposal are posing an environmental threat, impacting
human health as well as the ecosystem.
According to a study, about 960 MT of solid waste is being generated
per year in India from industrial, mining, municipal, agricultural, and
other sources (Pappu et al. 2007). Of this, about 290 MT is inorganic
wastes from industrial and mining sectors, 62 MT is municipal wastes,
8.3 MT is hazardous wastes, and about 350 MT is organic wastes from
agricultural sources (TEDDY 2011/12). With rapid development in
India, the generation of solid wastes is expected to rise dramatically.
Chapter 2 Innovative Financing for Low Carbon Development 305
