Page 6 - Towards a Policy for Climate Resilient Infrastructure and Services in Coastal Cities
P. 6
Policy Brief
Box 5 natural hazards occuring in the coastal areas and SLR due to
global warming.
In India, the following steps are being undertaken at the national level for the expansion
of renewables: Jurisdiction
• The Electricity Act of 2003 stipulates purchase of a certain percentage of the power
The CRZ is applicable up to a distance of 500 m from the High
procurement by distribution utilities from renewable energy sources. Under this Tide Line7 (HTL) on the landward side along the coast and up
act, implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Obligation (RPO) is to be guided to a distance of 100 m from the HTL in the tidal influenced
by the regulatory provisions issued by the respective State Electricity Regulatory water bodies. These would include water bodies influenced
Commissions (SERCs). by tidal effects from sea and includes bays, estuaries, creeks,
• The National Electricity Policy of 2005 mandates that the share of electricity from backwaters, lagoons, holding ponds connected to the sea or
non-conventional sources has to be increased progressively. creek, etc. The CRZ is also applicable to the area between HTL
• The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) specifies that minimum and the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the areas lying between HTL
renewable purchase standards should be set at 5 per cent for total power and the Hazard Line, wherever demarcated by the Survey of
purchases for FY10, and should be increased by 1 per cent each year for ten years. India (SoI). The Hazard Line takes into account tides, waves,
• In 2011, the Government of India launched the Renewable Energy Certificates SLR, and shoreline changes.
(REC)—a market-based mechanism—to drive renewable energy development Apart from the land areas, water area between the LTL to the
and spur further investments. territorial water limit (12 Nm) in case of sea and the water area
Source: http://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/ 732 42 / between LTL at the bank to the LTL on the opposite side of the
ClimateChangeandInfrastructureSummary.pdf bank, in case of tidal influenced water bodies also comes within
the purview of CRZ notification, 2011.
Coastal Regulation Zone Management
It was found from the study conducted by TERI that in spite
The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011 of the of the well spelt out coastal regulations, the implementation and
Government of India has delineated regulation zones along monitoring of the same is very weak. This leads to continuous
the coasts and imposed certain restrictions on the uses and violation of rules which leads to beach degradation, loss
activities to be developed in these zones (Box 6). The Coastal of precious ecosystem services, and encroachment on the
Regulation Zones (CRZs) have been defined with an objective vulnerable areas of the coast and sea line. For example, in 2013,
of conservation and protection of coastal stretches, its unique the Goa State Coastal Zone Management Authority (GCZMA)
environment, and its marine area and to promote development issued show-cause notices to 11 hotels and resorts in Mandrem
in a sustainable manner taking into account the dangers of and Morjim villages (turtle nesting sites) in Pernem taluka for
Box 6 Classification of CRZ c. The areas prone for inundation due to sea level rise
For the purpose of protection and conservation of the coastal areas and marine water, ii. CRZ II: This includes the areas that have been developed up to or close to the
the CRZ has been classified in the following five categories: shoreline (up to 200 m from the HTL on the landward side). The notification
defines the‘developed areas’as areas within legally designated urban areas which
i. CRZ I: This includes the areas that are: is already substantially built-up and which has been provided with drainage and
approach roads and other infrastructural facilities such as water supply and
a. Ecologically sensitive and features that are important for maintaining the sewerage.
integrity and environment of the coasts such as:
• Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1,000 sq. m, a buffer iii. CRZIII:This includes areas up to 200 m that are relatively undisturbed and those do
area of 50 m shall be provided; not belong to either CRZ I or II.These areas will be demarcated as‘No development
• Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity; zones’ and may fall in the jurisdiction of legally designated rural areas or urban
• Sand dunes; areas which are not substantially built up. However, this will exclude any notified
• Mudflats which are biologically active; port limits and Special Economic Zones (SEZs). All areas between 200 m and 500
• National parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife m will also be within the purview of CRZ III.
habitats
• Other protected areas under the provisions ofWild Life (Protection) Act, iv. CRZ IV: This will include all the water area from LTL to 12 Nautical miles on the
1972 (53 of 1972), the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980) or seaward side.This also includes the water area of the tidal influenced water body
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986); including Biosphere from the mouth of the water body at the sea up to the influence of tide which is
Reserves; measured as five parts per thousand during the driest season of the year.
• Salt marshes;
• Turtle nesting grounds; v. CRZ V: CRZ V is defined for areas requiring special consideration for the purpose
• Horse shoe crabs habitats; of protecting the critical coastal environment and difficulties faced by local
• Sea grass beds; communities.This includes the CRZ area falling within municipal limits of Greater
• Nesting grounds of birds; and Mumbai; the CRZ areas of Kerala including the backwaters and backwater islands;
• Areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites the Sundarbans region of West Bengal; and the CRZ areas of Goa.
b. The area between LTL and HTL
6 JUNE 2015
Box 5 natural hazards occuring in the coastal areas and SLR due to
global warming.
In India, the following steps are being undertaken at the national level for the expansion
of renewables: Jurisdiction
• The Electricity Act of 2003 stipulates purchase of a certain percentage of the power
The CRZ is applicable up to a distance of 500 m from the High
procurement by distribution utilities from renewable energy sources. Under this Tide Line7 (HTL) on the landward side along the coast and up
act, implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Obligation (RPO) is to be guided to a distance of 100 m from the HTL in the tidal influenced
by the regulatory provisions issued by the respective State Electricity Regulatory water bodies. These would include water bodies influenced
Commissions (SERCs). by tidal effects from sea and includes bays, estuaries, creeks,
• The National Electricity Policy of 2005 mandates that the share of electricity from backwaters, lagoons, holding ponds connected to the sea or
non-conventional sources has to be increased progressively. creek, etc. The CRZ is also applicable to the area between HTL
• The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) specifies that minimum and the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the areas lying between HTL
renewable purchase standards should be set at 5 per cent for total power and the Hazard Line, wherever demarcated by the Survey of
purchases for FY10, and should be increased by 1 per cent each year for ten years. India (SoI). The Hazard Line takes into account tides, waves,
• In 2011, the Government of India launched the Renewable Energy Certificates SLR, and shoreline changes.
(REC)—a market-based mechanism—to drive renewable energy development Apart from the land areas, water area between the LTL to the
and spur further investments. territorial water limit (12 Nm) in case of sea and the water area
Source: http://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/ 732 42 / between LTL at the bank to the LTL on the opposite side of the
ClimateChangeandInfrastructureSummary.pdf bank, in case of tidal influenced water bodies also comes within
the purview of CRZ notification, 2011.
Coastal Regulation Zone Management
It was found from the study conducted by TERI that in spite
The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011 of the of the well spelt out coastal regulations, the implementation and
Government of India has delineated regulation zones along monitoring of the same is very weak. This leads to continuous
the coasts and imposed certain restrictions on the uses and violation of rules which leads to beach degradation, loss
activities to be developed in these zones (Box 6). The Coastal of precious ecosystem services, and encroachment on the
Regulation Zones (CRZs) have been defined with an objective vulnerable areas of the coast and sea line. For example, in 2013,
of conservation and protection of coastal stretches, its unique the Goa State Coastal Zone Management Authority (GCZMA)
environment, and its marine area and to promote development issued show-cause notices to 11 hotels and resorts in Mandrem
in a sustainable manner taking into account the dangers of and Morjim villages (turtle nesting sites) in Pernem taluka for
Box 6 Classification of CRZ c. The areas prone for inundation due to sea level rise
For the purpose of protection and conservation of the coastal areas and marine water, ii. CRZ II: This includes the areas that have been developed up to or close to the
the CRZ has been classified in the following five categories: shoreline (up to 200 m from the HTL on the landward side). The notification
defines the‘developed areas’as areas within legally designated urban areas which
i. CRZ I: This includes the areas that are: is already substantially built-up and which has been provided with drainage and
approach roads and other infrastructural facilities such as water supply and
a. Ecologically sensitive and features that are important for maintaining the sewerage.
integrity and environment of the coasts such as:
• Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1,000 sq. m, a buffer iii. CRZIII:This includes areas up to 200 m that are relatively undisturbed and those do
area of 50 m shall be provided; not belong to either CRZ I or II.These areas will be demarcated as‘No development
• Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity; zones’ and may fall in the jurisdiction of legally designated rural areas or urban
• Sand dunes; areas which are not substantially built up. However, this will exclude any notified
• Mudflats which are biologically active; port limits and Special Economic Zones (SEZs). All areas between 200 m and 500
• National parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife m will also be within the purview of CRZ III.
habitats
• Other protected areas under the provisions ofWild Life (Protection) Act, iv. CRZ IV: This will include all the water area from LTL to 12 Nautical miles on the
1972 (53 of 1972), the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980) or seaward side.This also includes the water area of the tidal influenced water body
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986); including Biosphere from the mouth of the water body at the sea up to the influence of tide which is
Reserves; measured as five parts per thousand during the driest season of the year.
• Salt marshes;
• Turtle nesting grounds; v. CRZ V: CRZ V is defined for areas requiring special consideration for the purpose
• Horse shoe crabs habitats; of protecting the critical coastal environment and difficulties faced by local
• Sea grass beds; communities.This includes the CRZ area falling within municipal limits of Greater
• Nesting grounds of birds; and Mumbai; the CRZ areas of Kerala including the backwaters and backwater islands;
• Areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites the Sundarbans region of West Bengal; and the CRZ areas of Goa.
b. The area between LTL and HTL
6 JUNE 2015
