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budget increase for them to develop a low carbon economy also
differs. What is more is that there is no unified amount or rate of extra
financial demand. The analysis of financial demands shall be made on
a case-by-case basis. Table 2.2 summarizes the financial demands and
annual emission reduction of some low carbon programmes or low
carbon development plans of cities, from which we can see that the
financial demands vary greatly according to the emission reduction
size of each programme and the sectors involved—such as transport,
construction, and energy. Low carbon economy covers a wide range of
industries and technologies, and most countries do not have a unified
statistical scope for it, resulting in diverse definitions of expenditure on
low carbon economy. Therefore, because of different scopes and data
available, expenditures of low carbon economy with different research
statistical sources are not entirely comparable.
Table 2.2 Summary of Financial Demands of Current Major Low Carbon City Programmes
and Development Objectives
Low carbon City Programmes City Financial demand Annual emission
Vancouver (USD 1 million) reduction (ktCO2)
Convenient public transport transfer
measures 39.2 1.8
The comprehensive goal of reducing London 40,000 N/A
carbon dioxide emission by 60% by
2025
Congestion charge management system London 244 120
The public bike system Paris 132 18
Solar water heater of buildings Montreal 1.96 1.34
The city wind power system Toronto 1.21 0.38
Sources Compiled from KPMG (2011), Merk et al. (2012), and Kennedy et al. (2010)
The comparison of low carbon issues of cities is not the scope of this
chapter. However, we analyse the expenditure of local cities in low
carbon sectors in a comprehensive manner; first, the budget expenditure
of major cities in the world on low carbon development is compared;
second, an analysis of the expenditure in low carbon relevant sectors
in provinces and municipalities directly, under the central government
in China, is carried out.
2.2.1 Expenditure Analysis of Current Low Carbon
Development Sectors of Major Cities in the World
The sources of expenditure of cities to develop low carbon economy
76 Low Carbon Development in China and India
differs. What is more is that there is no unified amount or rate of extra
financial demand. The analysis of financial demands shall be made on
a case-by-case basis. Table 2.2 summarizes the financial demands and
annual emission reduction of some low carbon programmes or low
carbon development plans of cities, from which we can see that the
financial demands vary greatly according to the emission reduction
size of each programme and the sectors involved—such as transport,
construction, and energy. Low carbon economy covers a wide range of
industries and technologies, and most countries do not have a unified
statistical scope for it, resulting in diverse definitions of expenditure on
low carbon economy. Therefore, because of different scopes and data
available, expenditures of low carbon economy with different research
statistical sources are not entirely comparable.
Table 2.2 Summary of Financial Demands of Current Major Low Carbon City Programmes
and Development Objectives
Low carbon City Programmes City Financial demand Annual emission
Vancouver (USD 1 million) reduction (ktCO2)
Convenient public transport transfer
measures 39.2 1.8
The comprehensive goal of reducing London 40,000 N/A
carbon dioxide emission by 60% by
2025
Congestion charge management system London 244 120
The public bike system Paris 132 18
Solar water heater of buildings Montreal 1.96 1.34
The city wind power system Toronto 1.21 0.38
Sources Compiled from KPMG (2011), Merk et al. (2012), and Kennedy et al. (2010)
The comparison of low carbon issues of cities is not the scope of this
chapter. However, we analyse the expenditure of local cities in low
carbon sectors in a comprehensive manner; first, the budget expenditure
of major cities in the world on low carbon development is compared;
second, an analysis of the expenditure in low carbon relevant sectors
in provinces and municipalities directly, under the central government
in China, is carried out.
2.2.1 Expenditure Analysis of Current Low Carbon
Development Sectors of Major Cities in the World
The sources of expenditure of cities to develop low carbon economy
76 Low Carbon Development in China and India
